SPORTS MARKETING JOURNAL
journal
ISSN : 1464-6668
Library: £495
Standard: £145

International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship

The International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship publishes peer reviewed research, case studies, comment and interviews from academics and industry experts. Published quarterly, it is the only sports journal to have met the rigorous standards required for a listing by both PsycINFO and SSCI.
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Latest issue   Volume 14   Number 2   February 2013

Editorial
2013 is more about the everyday
more...

First, I’d like to wish all readers a belated Happy New Year and I hope that 2013 will be a prosperous and exciting time for all of us. On that note, it is probably a good moment to look at what the year might bring to our realm of interest. 2013 is a strange year in the world of sport, with no major international events (no Olympics, no soccer World Cup).

In this respect it actually gives us the opportunity to consider the industry in what scientists might consider to be ‘test conditions’. We will be able to see how everyday sports properties are marketed and how sponsorships are activated without mega- events clouding our judgements, impacting TV viewing figures or dominating press and online coverage. For those conducting research into sports marketing, 2013 is therefore a valuable year and I would urge you to formulate your programmes to take this into account.

In terms of sponsorship, the industry has seen an upheaval in recent years, with rights fees to prime properties rocketing and sponsors trying to get to grips with using social media to activate their rights. Our sister publication, Sponsorship Today, recently produced research showing that more than $2 billion was invested annually in acquiring rights to international federations. Given that this investment doesn’t give these sponsors a direct link to the sports stars, as realised through individual endorsement deals and, in many cases, team sponsorships, I think the year ahead will see some questions asked about such major rights fees. Could Adidas get more marketing leverage from spending its FIFA rights fee on social media? Could Coca-Cola make more from creating its own events, as has Red Bull, than it sees delivered via its portfolio of global sponsorships? The answer, in both cases, might well be ‘No’, but it shows the pressure that major rights holders could come under in the future.

Sponsors want content that they can use to engage their target audience. The days of paying big money for basic brand exposure are gone. Federations, therefore, need to work hard to ensure that sponsors can use their assets to engage with  fans in a cost-effective way. Of course they have content, and of course they have a communication channel with fans. But consider the music video Gangnam Style. It had no global superstars, no pre-existing database of fans, no website regularly viewed by millions, no major TV contracts to broadcast it around the world. It was put on YouTube and within five months had been viewed by more than one billion people. It shows the power of electronic word of mouth: people find content they like and pass it on.

Brands are keen to use similar techniques, and any rights holder who considers that they only need official links and communication channels to enable success for their sponsors is living very dangerously. Federations and clubs will therefore have to work a lot harder to ensure that their sponsorship offerings can help brands to meet their objectives. This will mean social media strategies that can adapt to the rapidly changing media environment. One of the key roles of the Journal is to stimulate research and debate and I would recommend that researchers look at this area in particular over the next year; at present it is the subject that is closest to the hearts of all major sponsors.

Professor Michel Desbordes, Editor
Email: mdesbordes@iscparis.com

Interview
Paper 1
Professional niche sports sponsorship: an investigation of sponsorship selection criteria
Authors
Greg P. Greenhalgh, Viginia Commonwealth University, Virginia, USA
T. Christopher Greenwell, University of Louisville, Mississippi, USA
,
Abstract
This study surveys professional niche sports sponsors in an effort to empirically understand what selection criteria these companies deem important when evaluating professional niche sports sponsorship proposals. Findings suggest that professional niche sports properties may possess unique attributes on which sponsors place very high levels of importance, such as cost effectiveness, flexibility in assisting sponsors achieve their objectives, a more targeted fan-base and decreased sponsorship clutter. Pragmatically, findings provide professional niche sports managers with tools that may be useful when competing for sponsorship funding against more established mainstream sports properties. Theoretically, the current study begins to fill a gap in the sports sponsorship literature which has primarily focused on mainstream professional sports, major intercollegiate sports and elite amateur sports such as the Olympic Games.
Paper 2
Sports spectator segmentation: examining the differing psychological connections among spectators of leagues and teams
Authors
Jason P. Doyle, Griffith University, Australia
Thilo Kunkel, Griffith University, Australia
Daniel C. Funk, Griffith University, Australia
Abstract
The results from this study extend previous research by empirically testing the involvement based Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) segmentation procedure on sports spectators. To date, the procedure has only been verified using sports participants, although the PCM was developed with a broader range of sports consumers in mind. The validity of the procedure is confirmed using two online surveys, which gather data from spectators at both the league (n=761) and team (n=623) level. A three-step segmentation procedure then places respondents into the PCM stages – awareness, attraction, attachment and allegiance. ANOVA tests indicate that the four groups significantly differ from one another on attitudinal and behavioural measures for both league and team spectators. Findings suggest that the PCM is an appropriate framework to investigate fan development at both league and team levels. Thus sports marketers are provided with a research segmentation tool capable of helping them to better understand their heterogeneous consumer bases and thus guide marketing decisions.
Paper 3
Increasing sponsorship effectiveness through brand experience
Authors
Marieke L. Fransen, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Thomas J. L. Van Rompay, University of Twente, Netherlands
Daan G. Muntinga, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Abstract
This quasi-experimental field study examines whether companies can improve the effectiveness of their sponsorship investments by creating a brand experience. Data were collected among participants of a sponsored marathon. During this event participants had the opportunity to engage in an experience orchestrated by one of the main sponsors of the event. We compare the data of participants who ran the marathon and also engaged in the experience with those who solely ran the marathon. The results reveal that participating in the experience increases top of mind awareness, brand recall and attitudes towards the sponsoring brand, compared to just running the marathon. Additionally, within the experience condition, brand experience and flow predict brand attitudes.
Paper 4
Value creation: assessing the relationships between quality, consumption value and behavioural intentions at sporting events
Authors
Masayuki Yoshida, Biwako Seikei Sport College, Japan
Jeffrey D. James, Florida State University, USA
J. Joseph Cronin Jr, Florida State University, USA
Abstract
Throughout this study, the authors sought to identify the antecedents and consequences of a multi- dimensional consumption-value construct. Data were collected from sports spectators in Japan (n=372) and the United States (n=396). The results indicate that three quality dimensions (functional, technical and aesthetic quality) have a significant impact on their respective value dimensions in the context of sporting events. Moreover, the constructs of entertainment and community prestige have positive effects on customers’ behavioural intentions.
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