SPORTS MARKETING JOURNAL
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International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship

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Back issue   Volume 11   Number 3   April 2010

Editorial
Scandal and corruption in sports marketing
more...

The media and their audiences have salacious appetites for scandal, be it sex, drugs, cheating or spying. One might expect that the apparent ubiquity of scandal and corruption in sport would see advertisers and sponsors fearful of linking their brands to fallen heroes. Indeed, the threat of mass abandonment by commercial partners has been linked to the large sums of money invested in anti doping (Carstairs, 2003). However, this negative assumption about scandal and corruption in sport may be unnecessarily bleak. With some notable exceptions (including the cycling Tour of Germany and, more recently, golfer Tiger Woods), evidence that sponsors abandon sport because of scandal or corruption is at best patchy. Advertisers still clamour for space in the Super Bowl, for example, despite NFL players being arrested for murder, drug trafficking and sexual assault. Internationally, the Salt Lake City Olympics showed that sport can thrive in the presence of scandal and corruption and, indeed, scandalous corruption. Perhaps, the old adage that ‘any publicity is good publicity’ applies. As editors of this special edition, we asked a very basic question of our contributors: what relationship does scandal and corruption have with the marketing and sponsorship of sport? If there is a relationship, what opportunities and drawbacks exist for marketers? What lessons can be learned from past scandals and the response to them, and what does this mean for sport? The effect of scandal in sport is a remarkably topical field of study. Several other journals have devoted special issues to the problem of scandal, with the 2008 issue of Public Relations Review focusing particularly well on public relations and sport. What is curious is the question as to why there is currently so much interest in this area, especially given that scandal and sport have always gone together – as far back as the original Greek Olympics. Further, there has certainly been no shortage of scandal during the past hundred years of semi-professional and professional sport. What we are now seeing is the confluence of a number of processes that, when combined in the context of sport, have created a new way of viewing scandal. While wary of employing an overused and analytically dubious concept like ‘globalisation’, we think the explanation for the sudden focus on scandal is a result of processes commonly subsumed within that term. This subsuming comes from the increasing commercialisation of sport, the radical and rapid advancement of marketing techniques, the advent of truly global media and sports markets, and technology. Harvey’s (1989) concept of the ‘annihilation of space through time’, coupled with an ability to access and understand the world as a whole, provides a theoretical framework that helps to explain why scandal is now so much more visible. Scandal is an instantaneous, borderless and language-less phenomenon, and an aspect of human frailty that we love to consume. When coupled with sporting endeavours – suffused with money, identification, fandom and nationalism – it is not in the least surprising that scandal is ubiquitous. Scandal and corruption do influence marketing and sponsorship in sport, and this collection of papers suggests that the relationship is by no means negative. Indeed, it is far more complex than the popular conception of ‘scandal equals bad’. Morality aside, scandal and corruption in sport provide opportunities for marketing and sponsorship – from protecting brand integrity to developing ways to protect marketing investments by the corruption-proofing of sport to leveraging scandalous behaviour for brand identity. It is also clear that sports marketers and sponsors need to incorporate the possibility of scandal and corruption in their strategies, to maximise the return on investment. Guest editors Jason Mazanov Senior Lecturer, School of Business, University of New South Wales at Australian Defence Force Academy James Connor Lecturer, School of Business, University of New South Wales at Australian Defence Force Academy

Interview
Paper 1
Doping in elite sport – do the fans care? Public opinion on the consequences of doping scandals
Authors
Harry Arne Solberg, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Norway
Dag Vidar Hanstad, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway
Thor Atle Thøring, Sør-Trøndelag University College, Norway
Abstract
There are indications that commercial stakeholders are reluctant to associate with sports involved in doping scandals. A survey of 925 Norwegian sports consumers supports this reluctance, showing no tolerance for pure doping substances. The majority were in favour of tough responses to athletes and sports involved in doping. Older respondents were more negative towards doping. Those who were strongly interested in sport were more willing than others to accept doping.
Paper 2
Negative sponsor behaviour, team response and how this impacts fan attitudes
Authors
Heidi M. Parker, Syracuse University, USA
Janet S. Fink, University of Connecticut, USA
,
Abstract
This research examines the fan-team-sponsor relationship. It focuses on how the sports team’s response to negative sponsor behaviour affects fan/spectator attitudes towards the sponsor. Results indicate that highly identified fans have significantly more positive attitudes towards the team sponsor than fans who are lower in identification. Highly identified fans informed of a negative action by a team sponsor felt more favourably towards the sponsor if the team continued, rather than terminated, their relationship with the sponsor.
Paper 3
The inevitability of scandal: lessons for sponsors and administrators
Authors
James M. Connor, University of New South Wales, Australia
Jason Mazanov, University of New South Wales, Australia
,
Abstract
Why has the reporting of scandal in sport been increasing? This paper focuses on the commercialisation of sport and changes in the media landscape. A case study of the Australian Rugby League competition and its long-running series of scandals concludes that scandal is inevitable in sport, and that marketing strategies must incorporate this. The authors propose a new strategy – embracement – as an effective way of mitigating scandal and leveraging for sponsor market position.
Paper 4
A critical mass of corruption: why some football leagues have more match-fixing than others
Authors
Declan Hill, University of Oxford, UK
,
,
Abstract
This paper examines what drives match-fixing in football and why some leagues collapse from corruption. Based on more than 220 interviews with players, referees, sports officials and law enforcement officers, the gambling industry and corrupters, three factors presented when high levels of match-fixing were observed: strong illegal gambling networks, high levels of relative exploitation of players, and perceived corrupt officials. Leagues collapsed if the public became aware of high-level corruption and an alternative market competitor was introduced.
Paper 5
Insolvency events among English football clubs
Authors
John Beech, Coventry University, UK
Simon Horsman, Coventry University, UK
Jamie Magraw, Independent Financial Consultant
Abstract
This paper identifies five types of insolvency in English football: clubs that have failed to cope with relegation; failed to pay monies due to the UK government; seen ‘soft debts’ become ‘hard debts’; lost the ownership of their stadium; or have been ‘repeat offenders’. As the second of a three-phase research project, the paper concludes with an indication of the final phase research and implications of the findings so far for other professional sports.
Paper 6
When does alcohol sponsorship of sport become sports sponsorship of alcohol? A case study of developments in sport in Australia
Authors
Sandra C. Jones, University of Wollongong, Australia
,
,
Abstract
Alcohol sponsorship of sport is common in Australia, with much debate about the appropriateness of linking sport with alcohol advertising and promotion. This paper provides examples of such sponsorships to appreciate the extent and nature of the complex relationship between sport and alcohol sponsors. The public health and policy implications of alcohol sponsorship of sport extending to creating a sporting competition purely to promote an alcohol brand are considered.
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