SPORTS MARKETING JOURNAL
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ISSN : 1464-6668
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International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship

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Back issue   Volume 13   Number 3   April 2012

Editorial
Research needs to follow commercial growth
more...

This year, the world’s biggest sporting event takes place in London, and it is useful to look back to see how the commercial side of the Olympics has changed. The business of the Olympics has now become huge, with domestic sponsorship deals smashing previous records. Indeed the Olympic community claims that its sponsorship model is crucial to the Games’ existence.

“Our brand is our most valuable asset. To fund the Games, LOCOG ‘sells’ its brand to sponsors and merchandise licencees. If anyone could use London 2012 logos or associate with the Games for free, this funding model simply wouldn’t work.”

Source : IOC (2012).

The Olympic Programme (TOP) and domestic sponsorship now accounts for approximately $1.8 billion per quadrennial – up from $813 million in 1993. In the 1980s there were more than 300 official suppliers or sponsors generating an income which was significantly lower in real terms.

When Michael Payne became IOC marketing director in 1983, this marked the start of the Olympic renaissance. During his tenure, Payne led a team that generated more than $15 billion in broadcast and marketing revenues. He left the IOC in 2004 with the satisfaction of having created a structure that both financed the Games and, importantly, re-invigorated the brand.

This year will also see football’s Euro 2012 finals take place in Ukraine and Poland. The event is football’s second biggest international tournament and again the broadcast and sponsorship platforms have evolved into sophisticated packages that finance the tournament Indeed, I am very proud to feature in this issue an interview with Patrick Gasser, senior manager for Football and Social Responsibility at UEFA, by our interviews editor, David Snyder.

These huge international events, with high levels of commercial financing, show that our field of research has a relevance to an industry that is growing exponentially.

However, it is important that academic research is applied to genuine industry needs and helps to generate new ideas and understanding. We must resist the temptation to explore purely theoretical concepts and instead focus on work that has a direct relevance to the commercial world.

Therefore I hope that all researchers will use these fantastic opportunities in 2012 to consider new and valuable projects that will offer the entire industry a fresh insight into how sports marketing can develop.

Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to apologise to Andrey Mikhailitchenko and Kihan Kim for the error in our last edition in which Mikhailitchenko’s name was inadvertently replaced by that of Kim. This was down to an error in the production process. We will re-run Mikhailitchenko’s paper in the correct format in our next edition as an extra paper. Professor Michel Desbordes, Editor

Interview
Patrick Gasser Senior Manager, Football and Social Responsibility, UEFA David Snyder
Paper 1
Determinants of using sports web portals: an empirical examination of the Sport Website Acceptance Model
Authors
Youngjin Hur, University of Central Missouri, USA
Yong Jae Ko, University of Florida, USA
Cathryn L. Claussen, Washington State University, USA
Abstract
This study empirically tested the Sport Website Acceptance Model (SWAM), proposed by Hur, Ko and Claussen (2007). The SWAM added Perceived Enjoyment (Davis et al, 1992) and Perceived Trustworthiness (Belanger et al, 2002) to the two factors Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness used in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989). This study proposes a competing model to the original SWAM and compares this by incorporating two additional constructs, Sport Involvement (Shank & Beasley, 1998) and Psychological Commitment to a Team (Mahony et al, 2000). Structural equation modeling analyses revealed acceptable model fits, both in the original SWAM and in the competing model. Subsequent analyses led the authors to conclude that the competing model was the better version of the SWAM.
Paper 2
A re-examination and extension of measuring perceived service quality in Physical Activity and Sports Centres (PSC): QSport-14 scale
Authors
Süleyman Murat Yildiz, Mugla University, Turkey
Ali Kara, Pennsylvania State University, USA
,
Abstract
The research presented in this study replicates and extends the QSport-10 scale proposed by Rial, Varela, Rial and Real in their 2010 study, by incorporating the Programme dimension into the original measurement of service quality in Physical Activity and Sports Centres (PSCs). The objective of this research is to examine the dimensionality of the QSport-10 scale and extend it to capture the additional Programme service quality dimension. Study results confirmed the dimensionality of the service quality measurement offered by the QSport-10 scale and presented strong empirical support for the existence of Programme, Installations and Staff dimensions. Programme dimension was considered the most important factor for the largest consumer segment in the study.
Paper 3
Celebrity endorsement for sporting events using classical conditioning
Authors
Chen-Yueh Chen , National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
Yi-Hsiu Lin, Althela University, Taiwan
Chia-Lin Hsiao, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
Abstract
This research investigates whether conditioning (the systematic pairing of celebrity endorsers with sporting events) produces positive attitudes towards sporting events. It also investigates whether using celebrities who are highly congruent with a sporting event leads to a stronger conditioning effect. The results demonstrate that individuals exposed to the systematic pairing of a sporting event with a celebrity did develop a more favourable attitude towards the event than individuals in the control condition. Moreover, the pairing of a celebrity with a sporting event was more effective in forming a positive attitude towards the sporting event when congruence was high.
Paper 4
The influence of involvement, following sport and fan identification on fan loyalty: an Australian perspective
Authors
Shawn Stevens, Newcastle Business School, Australia
Philip J. Rosenberger III, University of Newcastle, Australia
,
Abstract
Sport has evolved into one of the largest industries in Australia and there is a corresponding increased interest in the factors influencing fan loyalty. This paper presents a theoretically developed conceptual model which empirically tests the relationships between fan identification, sports involvement, following sport and fan loyalty. Survey results indicate that fan identification, following sport and involvement positively influence fan loyalty, while following sport was found to mediate the involvement-fan identification relationship.
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